The Anthropological Survey of India (AnSI) holds a unique position as the sole research organization dedicated to anthropological studies within a governmental framework. Its roots trace back to the Zoological and Anthropological section of the Indian Museum, which evolved into the Zoological Survey of India in 1916. Later, in 1945, the Anthropology section formed into an independent body, the Anthropological Survey of India with Dr. Biraja Sankar Guha as the Director and Verrier Elwin as the Deputy Director. The headquarters shifted from Banaras to Calcutta in 1948. Long before An.S.I's establishment, India's extraordinary cultural diversity had captivated scholars since the early 20th century prompting thorough scientific inquiry into the people's culture, social institutions, and ethnic affinities. An.S.I's mission extends beyond the pursuit of scientific knowledge, emphasizing practical applications for the nation's well-being.

After Independence, India faced the challenging task of fostering harmony among its people, who were divided by conflicting interests rooted in ethnic, cultural, and religious affiliations. Additionally, devising effective strategies for aboriginal and disadvantaged social groups to adapt to evolving conditions both within and outside the country, while safeguarding their ways of life, became a crucial endeavour. In this, and in many other undertakings, AnSI demonstrated its prowess, earning appreciation from all quarters. The Anthropological Survey of India's invaluable contribution to comprehending the diverse people of India, encompassing the entire expanse of the country and its population, is widely recognized globally. Its publications and ethnographic films have gained widespread usage and acknowledgment. AnSI remains at the forefront, staying informed about the evolving challenges confronting humanity and aligning itself with emerging technologies worldwide, all aimed at advancing the well-being of humankind.